Objective: Thigh muscle group segmentation is important for assessment of muscle anatomy, metabolic disease and aging. Many efforts have been put into quantifying muscle tissues with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging including manual annotation of individual muscles. However, leveraging publicly available annotations in MR images to achieve muscle group segmentation on single slice computed tomography (CT) thigh images is challenging. Method: We propose an unsupervised domain adaptation pipeline with self-training to transfer labels from 3D MR to single CT slice. First, we transform the image appearance from MR to CT with CycleGAN and feed the synthesized CT images to a segmenter simultaneously. Single CT slices are divided into hard and easy cohorts based on the entropy of pseudo labels inferenced by the segmenter. After refining easy cohort pseudo labels based on anatomical assumption, self-training with easy and hard splits is applied to fine tune the segmenter. Results: On 152 withheld single CT thigh images, the proposed pipeline achieved a mean Dice of 0.888(0.041) across all muscle groups including sartorius, hamstrings, quadriceps femoris and gracilis. muscles Conclusion: To our best knowledge, this is the first pipeline to achieve thigh imaging domain adaptation from MR to CT. The proposed pipeline is effective and robust in extracting muscle groups on 2D single slice CT thigh images.The container is available for public use at https://github.com/MASILab/DA_CT_muscle_seg

2D低剂量单板腹部计算机断层扫描（CT）切片可直接测量身体成分，这对于对衰老的健康关系进行定量表征至关重要。然而，由于不同年内获得的纵向切片之间的位置方差，使用2D腹部切片对人体成分变化的纵向分析具有挑战性。为了减少位置差异，我们将条件生成模型扩展到我们的C-斜肌，该模型在腹部区域进行任意轴向切片作为条件，并通过估计潜在空间的结构变化来生成定义的椎骨水平切片。对来自内部数据集的1170名受试者的实验和BTCV Miccai挑战赛的50名受试者的实验表明，我们的模型可以从现实主义和相似性方面产生高质量的图像。来自巴尔的摩纵向研究（BLSA）数据集的20名受试者的外部实验，其中包含纵向单腹部切片验证了我们的方法可以在肌肉和内脏脂肪面积方面与切片的位置方差进行协调。我们的方法提供了一个有希望的方向，将切片从不同的椎骨水平映射到目标切片，以减少单个切片纵向分析的位置差异。源代码可在以下网址获得：https：//github.com/masilab/c-slicegen。

Transformer-based models, capable of learning better global dependencies, have recently demonstrated exceptional representation learning capabilities in computer vision and medical image analysis. Transformer reformats the image into separate patches and realize global communication via the self-attention mechanism. However, positional information between patches is hard to preserve in such 1D sequences, and loss of it can lead to sub-optimal performance when dealing with large amounts of heterogeneous tissues of various sizes in 3D medical image segmentation. Additionally, current methods are not robust and efficient for heavy-duty medical segmentation tasks such as predicting a large number of tissue classes or modeling globally inter-connected tissues structures. Inspired by the nested hierarchical structures in vision transformer, we proposed a novel 3D medical image segmentation method (UNesT), employing a simplified and faster-converging transformer encoder design that achieves local communication among spatially adjacent patch sequences by aggregating them hierarchically. We extensively validate our method on multiple challenging datasets, consisting anatomies of 133 structures in brain, 14 organs in abdomen, 4 hierarchical components in kidney, and inter-connected kidney tumors). We show that UNesT consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance and evaluate its generalizability and data efficiency. Particularly, the model achieves whole brain segmentation task complete ROI with 133 tissue classes in single network, outperforms prior state-of-the-art method SLANT27 ensembled with 27 network tiles, our model performance increases the mean DSC score of the publicly available Colin and CANDI dataset from 0.7264 to 0.7444 and from 0.6968 to 0.7025, respectively.

从心脏病学到神经病学的疾病中，代谢健康越来越多地成为危险因素，身体成分的效率评估对于定量表征这些关系至关重要。 2D低剂量单切层扫描术（CT）提供了高分辨率，定量组织图，尽管视野有限。尽管在量化图像上下文时已经提出了许多潜在的分析，但尚无对低剂量单切片CT纵向变异性进行自动分割的全面研究。我们使用受监督的基于深度学习的细分和无监督的聚类方法研究了1469个巴尔的摩纵向研究（BLSA）腹部数据集的1469名纵向研究（BLSA）腹部数据集的1816片。在前两次扫描中有两年差距的1469名受试者中有300名被选出，以评估纵向变异性，其中包括类内相关系数（ICC）和变异系数（CV），以组织/器官的大小和平均强度为单位。我们表明，我们的分割方法在纵向环境中是稳定的，骰子范围为13个目标腹部组织结构的0.821至0.962。我们观察到ICC <0.5的大多数器官的较高变异性，肌肉，腹壁，脂肪和体膜的变化较低，平均ICC> 0.8。我们发现器官的变异性与2D切片的横截面位置高度相关。我们的努力铺平了定量探索和质量控制，以减少纵向分析中的不确定性。

随着自我监督学习的快速发展（例如，对比度学习），在医学图像分析中广泛认识到具有大规模图像（即使没有注释）来训练更具概括的AI模型的重要性。但是，大规模收集大规模任务的未注释数据对于单个实验室来说可能具有挑战性。现有的在线资源（例如数字书籍，出版物和搜索引擎）为获取大型图像提供了新的资源。然而，在医疗保健中发布的图像（例如放射学和病理学）由大量的带有子图的复合图组成。为了提取和分离化合物形象为下游学习的可用单个图像，我们提出了一个简单的复合图分离（SIMCFS）框架，而无需使用传统所需的检测边界框注释，并具有新的损失函数和硬案例模拟。我们的技术贡献是四倍：（1）我们引入了一个基于模拟的培训框架，该框架最小化了对资源广泛的边界框注释的需求； （2）我们提出了一种新的侧损失，可针对复合人物分离进行优化； （3）我们提出了一种阶层内图像增强方法来模拟硬病例； （4）据我们所知，这是第一项评估利用复合图像分离的自我监督学习功效的研究。从结果来看，提出的SIMCF在ImageClef 2016复合人物分离数据库上实现了最先进的性能。使用大规模开采数字的预审预革的学习模型通过对比度学习算法提高了下游图像分类任务的准确性。 SIMCF的源代码可在https://github.com/hrlblab/imageseperation上公开获得。

多实施学习（MIL）被广泛用于对病理整体幻灯片图像（WSIS）的计算机辅助解释，以解决缺乏像素或贴片的注释。通常，这种方法直接应用“自然图像驱动”的MIL算法，该算法忽略了WSIS的多尺度（即金字塔）性质。现成的MIL算法通常部署在单个WSIS（例如20x放大倍率）上，而人类病理学家通常以多尺度的方式汇总全球和局部模式（例如，通过放大不同大型）。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种新型的跨尺度注意机制，以明确地将尺度间相互作用汇总到单个MIL网络的克罗恩病（CD）（CD），这是炎症性肠病的一种形式。本文的贡献是两个方面：（1）提出了一种跨尺度注意机制，以从不同分辨率的多尺度相互作用汇总特征； （2）生成差异多尺度注意的可视化，以定位可解释的病变模式。通过训练来自20名CD患者的约250,000 H＆E染色的上升结肠（AC）斑块，在不同尺度上训练30个健康对照样品，我们的方法在曲线下（AUC）得分为0.8924，与基线模型相比达到0.8924。官方实施可在https://github.com/hrlblab/cs-mil上公开获得。

医学图像分割或计算voxelwise语义面具是一个基本又具有挑战性的任务，用于计算体素级语义面具。为了提高编码器 - 解码器神经网络在大型临床队列中执行这项任务的能力，对比学习提供了稳定模型初始化和增强编码器而无需标签的机会。然而，多个目标对象（具有不同的语义含义）可能存在于单个图像中，这使得适应传统的对比学习方法从普遍的“图像级分类”到“像素级分段”中的问题。在本文中，我们提出了一种简单的语义感知对比学习方法，利用注意掩模来推进多对象语义分割。简而言之，我们将不同的语义对象嵌入不同的群集而不是传统的图像级嵌入。我们在与内部数据和Miccai挑战2015 BTCV数据集中的多器官医学图像分段任务中评估我们提出的方法。与目前的最先进的培训策略相比，我们拟议的管道分别产生了两种医学图像分割队列的骰子评分的大幅提高5.53％和6.09％（P值<0.01）。通过Pascal VOC 2012 DataSet进一步评估了所提出的方法的性能，并在MiOU（P值<0.01）上实现了2.75％的大幅提高。

Optimal transport (OT) has become a widely used tool in the machine learning field to measure the discrepancy between probability distributions. For instance, OT is a popular loss function that quantifies the discrepancy between an empirical distribution and a parametric model. Recently, an entropic penalty term and the celebrated Sinkhorn algorithm have been commonly used to approximate the original OT in a computationally efficient way. However, since the Sinkhorn algorithm runs a projection associated with the Kullback-Leibler divergence, it is often vulnerable to outliers. To overcome this problem, we propose regularizing OT with the \beta-potential term associated with the so-called $\beta$-divergence, which was developed in robust statistics. Our theoretical analysis reveals that the $\beta$-potential can prevent the mass from being transported to outliers. We experimentally demonstrate that the transport matrix computed with our algorithm helps estimate a probability distribution robustly even in the presence of outliers. In addition, our proposed method can successfully detect outliers from a contaminated dataset

In the era of Internet of Things (IoT), network-wide anomaly detection is a crucial part of monitoring IoT networks due to the inherent security vulnerabilities of most IoT devices. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) has been proposed to separate network traffics into two disjoint subspaces corresponding to normal and malicious behaviors for anomaly detection. However, the privacy concerns and limitations of devices' computing resources compromise the practical effectiveness of PCA. We propose a federated PCA-based Grassmannian optimization framework that coordinates IoT devices to aggregate a joint profile of normal network behaviors for anomaly detection. First, we introduce a privacy-preserving federated PCA framework to simultaneously capture the profile of various IoT devices' traffic. Then, we investigate the alternating direction method of multipliers gradient-based learning on the Grassmann manifold to guarantee fast training and the absence of detecting latency using limited computational resources. Empirical results on the NSL-KDD dataset demonstrate that our method outperforms baseline approaches. Finally, we show that the Grassmann manifold algorithm is highly adapted for IoT anomaly detection, which permits drastically reducing the analysis time of the system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first federated PCA algorithm for anomaly detection meeting the requirements of IoT networks.

In this paper, we propose a novel architecture, the Enhanced Interactive Transformer (EIT), to address the issue of head degradation in self-attention mechanisms. Our approach replaces the traditional multi-head self-attention mechanism with the Enhanced Multi-Head Attention (EMHA) mechanism, which relaxes the one-to-one mapping constraint among queries and keys, allowing each query to attend to multiple keys. Furthermore, we introduce two interaction models, Inner-Subspace Interaction and Cross-Subspace Interaction, to fully utilize the many-to-many mapping capabilities of EMHA. Extensive experiments on a wide range of tasks (e.g. machine translation, abstractive summarization, grammar correction, language modelling and brain disease automatic diagnosis) show its superiority with a very modest increase in model size.